在英语中，以下单词或短语可以作为主语、谓语、宾语、定语或表语：
1. 主语：
- 名词：The cat sleeps.
- 代词：I am a teacher.
- 动名词：Reading books is enjoyable.
- 名词短语：The children in the park are playing.
- 句子：What he said surprised everyone.
2. 谓语：
- 动词：She runs every morning.
- 系动词：He is happy.
- 动词短语：They have finished the project.
- 动名词短语：She enjoys cooking.
- 不定式短语：To learn English is important.
3. 宾语：
- 名词：I like apples.
- 代词：She gave him a book.
- 动名词：I enjoy playing football.
- 名词短语：The teacher explained the theory.
- 从句：I don’t know what he said.
4. 定语：
- 形容词：A beautiful garden.
- 名词：The book on the table.
- 分词：The running dog.
- 现在分词短语：A man standing near the door.
- 定语从句：The book that you gave me is interesting.
5. 表语：
- 形容词：She is happy.
- 名词：My name is John.
- 分词：The situation is improving.
- 名词短语：The answer to the question is simple.
- 从句：The reason why he left is unclear.
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